What genes are regulated by YAP1?
What genes are regulated by YAP1?
It is reported that several genes are regulated by YAP1, including Birc2, Birc5, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), amphiregulin (AREG), Cyr61, Hoxa1 and Hoxc13. YAP/TAZ have also been shown to act as stiffness sensors, regulating mechanotransduction independently of the Hippo signalling cascade.
Is YAP a transcription factor?
Yes-associated protein (YAP) is a potent transcription coactivator acting via binding to the TEAD transcription factor, and plays a critical role in organ size regulation. YAP is phosphorylated and inhibited by the Lats kinase, a key component of the Hippo tumor suppressor pathway.
What is YAP Taz?
YAP/TAZ are primary sensors of the cell’s physical nature, as defined by cell structure, shape and polarity. YAP/TAZ activation also reflects the cell “social” behavior, including cell adhesion and the mechanical signals that the cell receives from tissue architecture and surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM).
Are YAP and TAZ proteins?
YAP and TAZ are WW Domain-Containing Proteins. The WW domain is a structural module that mediates protein-protein interactions through recognition of proline-rich peptide motifs (PRM) and phosphorylated serine/threonine-proline sites (58).
Where in the protein is YAP phosphorylated?
We have used an affinity purification method to identify substrates of protein kinase B/Akt. One protein that associates with 14-3-3 in an Akt-dependent manner is shown here to be the Yes-associated protein (YAP), which is phosphorylated by Akt at serine 127, leading to binding to 14-3-3.
How do you activate the Hippo pathway?
Extensive studies have revealed a myriad of intrinsic and extrinsic signals that can activate the Hippo pathway, including cell–cell contact, stiffness of the extracellular matrix, stress signals, and cell polarity (reviewed in [2,11,32–34]).
What is the difference between YAP and Taz?
Although mRNA expression of TAZ is slightly higher than that of YAP by RNA-seq, this does not always translate into corresponding differences in protein expression (Fig. 5A). Because TAZ has two phosphodegrons, its protein stability is much more dynamically regulated than that of YAP, which only has one phosphodegron.
Which protein controls hippo YAP pathway?
α-Catenin connect between cadherins and actin cytoskeleton in cells. α-Catenin forms a complex with 14-3-3 proteins and phosphorylated YAP and suppresses YAP activity by retaining YAP in the cytoplasm causing inactivation of YAP (Kim et al., 2011; Schlegelmilch et al., 2011).
What is the Hippo YAP pathway?
The Hippo pathway consists of a core kinase cascade in which the transcriptional co-activators YAP/TAZ are phosphorylated and inactivated by either their exclusion from the nucleus or their enhanced degradation. The nuclear activity of YAP/TAZ promotes cell growth.
How is YAP activated?
Src can phosphorylate activate YAP both by direct phosphorylation on the tyrosine residues (Y341, Y357, and Y394) and through inhibiting LATS1/LATS2 by phosphorylation (Kim and Gumbiner, 2015; Li et al., 2016; Si et al., 2017).
What does the Hippo pathway do?
The Hippo pathway is a recently identified signaling cascade that plays an evolutionarily conserved role in organ size control by inhibiting cell proliferation, promoting apoptosis, regulating fates of stem/progenitor cells, and in some circumstances, limiting cell size.
What does Hippo protein do?
The Hippo pathway consists of a core kinase cascade in which Hpo phosphorylates (Drosophila) the protein kinase Warts (Wts). These kinases are known regulators of cell cycle progression, growth, and development.
What is the function of YAP1 in the cell?
YAP1 (yes-associated protein 1), also known as YAP or YAP65, is a protein that acts as a transcriptional regulator by activating the transcription of genes involved in cell proliferation and suppressing apoptotic genes.
How is the YAP1 gene related to WW domain?
Cloning of the YAP1 gene facilitated the identification of a modular protein domain, known as the WW domain. Two splice isoforms of the YAP1 gene product were initially identified, named YAP1-1 and YAP1-2, which differed by the presence of an extra 38 amino acids that encoded the WW domain.
How many exons are in the coding sequence of YAP1?
The human YAP1 coding sequence consists of 1364 bp from the start codon to the stop codon. A differentially spliced isoform of YAP1 (9 exons), with two WW domains known as YAP2 also exists (Sudol et al., 1995).
How many bases are in the mRNA of YAP1?
YAP1 mRNA spans approximately 5218 bases and has 7 exons. The genomic size is 122863 bases and the gene is located on plus strand. YAP1 gene is composed of 7 exons. The open reading frame of the coding region is 1364 bp.
