What is catalyst coking?
What is catalyst coking?
Coking is characteristic of high temperature reactions involving hydrocarbon feedstocks. Coking is one of several mechanisms for the deactivation of a heterogeneous catalyst. Other mechanisms include sintering, poisoning, and solid-state transformation of the catalyst.
What is meant by catalytic reforming?
Catalytic reforming is a process used to convert low-octane naphthas into high-octane gasoline blending components called reformates. Reforming is the total effect of several reactions that occur simultaneously including cracking, polymerization, dehydrogenation, and isomerization.
What catalyst is used in reforming?
platinum
Catalytic reforming uses a catalyst, usually platinum, to produce a similar result. Mixed with hydrogen, naphtha is heated and passed over pellets of catalyst in a series of reactors, under high pressure, producing high-octane gasoline.
What are reforming reactions?
Reforming reactions are widely used to produce hydrogen from hydrocarbons and alcohols. Steam reforming involves the reaction between a hydrocarbon or alcohol and steam to form syngas (see eqn [11]), a mixture of H2 and CO. Dry reforming involves reactions of hydrocarbons or alcohols and CO2 (see eqn [12]).
What is coking in a reactor?
Coking takes place when such large molecules remain at elevated temperatures for long time periods, for example, in the locations of low flow rate, such as near reactor walls, in bends of transfer lines, or on catalyst surfaces (retrogressive mechanism) (Bate and Harrison, 1992).
What is the coking process?
Coking is a refinery process that produces 19% of finished petroleum product exports. Coking is a refinery unit operation that upgrades material called bottoms from the atmospheric or vacuum distillation column into higher-value products and, as the name implies, produces petroleum coke—a coal-like material.
How does catalytic reforming work?
Catalytic Reforming is a process in which linear paraffinic hydrocarbons contained in crude unit naphthas, which have low octane ratings, are converted in a high octane reformate containing aromatics and iso-paraffins. These reformates are a premium blending stock for producing high octane gasoline.
Why is naphtha reforming important?
The most widespread process for rearranging hydrocarbon molecules is naphtha reforming. By 1950 a reforming process was introduced that employed a catalyst to improve the yield of the most desirable gasoline components while minimizing the formation of unwanted heavy products and coke. …
What is reforming of petroleum Why is reforming done?
Reforming is a process designed to increase the volume of gasoline that can be produced from a barrel of crude oil. By controlling the temperature and flow rate of the reformer, refinery operators can increase the octane rating of the reformate, but that also has the effect of producing less reformate.
What is reforming explain?
reforming, in chemistry, processing technique by which the molecular structure of a hydrocarbon is rearranged to alter its properties. The process is frequently applied to low-quality gasoline stocks to improve their combustion characteristics.
What is a reformer reactor?
A methane reformer is a device based on steam reforming, autothermal reforming or partial oxidation and is a type of chemical synthesis which can produce pure hydrogen gas from methane using a catalyst. Most methods work by exposing methane to a catalyst (usually nickel) at high temperature and pressure.
What’s the meaning of coking?
Definition of ‘coking’ Coking is the process of changing residual oil to low molecular weight gases, naphtha, and gas oils. Coking is the process of changing residual oil to low molecular weight gases, naphtha, and gas oils.
How is octanizing used in the catalytic reforming process?
Octanizing: A catalytic reforming version developed by Axens, a subsidiary of Institut francais du petrole (IFP), designed for continuous catalyst regeneration. Before describing the reaction chemistry of the catalytic reforming process as used in petroleum refineries, the typical naphthas used as catalytic reforming feedstocks will be discussed.
What are the three types of catalytic reforming?
Catalytic reforming process design is defined by catalyst regeneration type. Most of the reforming units are described with three types of the process: semi-regenerative, cyclic, and continuous catalyst regeneration process. Most of the units are operated over semi-regenerative type.
What kind of feedstock is used in catalytic reforming?
Before describing the reaction chemistry of the catalytic reforming process as used in petroleum refineries, the typical naphthas used as catalytic reforming feedstocks will be discussed. A petroleum refinery includes many unit operations and unit processes.
What should the temperature be for catalytic reforming?
Depending upon the type or version of catalytic reforming used as well as the desired reaction severity, the reaction conditions range from temperatures of about 495 to 525 °C and from pressures of about 5 to 45 atm.
