Is arsenic a genotoxic compound?
Is arsenic a genotoxic compound?
Arsenic has a strong genotoxic potential and is able to cause DNA damage such as aneuploidy; micronuclei formation, chromosomal aberrations, deletion mutations, sister chromatid exchange and DNA-protein cross-linking.
What is methylated arsenic?
Arsenic methylation is a process of detoxification through accelerated excretion.
What are two main arsenic methylation pathways?
The main pathway is a straightforward bioactivation (metabolic activation) of arsenate in MMA, DMA and the theoretical conversion into TMA (not shown).
What are the metabolites of arsenic?
Arsenic is mainly metabolized in the liver and excreted in the urine as methylated arsenicals [2, 3] and accumulated in the hair and nails [4]. In contrast, the latter is mediated by arsenic methyltransferase (AS3MT) and S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM), a methyl group donor, also with GSH [7].
What is arsenic in DNA?
In summary, arsenic interferes with the DNA damage response at multiple levels, negatively impacting DNA repair capability and cell cycle control mechanisms as illustrated in Figure 1. Arsenite directly disrupts function of zinc finger proteins, such as XPA and PARP1 decreasing DNA repair capacity.
How does arsenic cause DNA damage?
Metabolism of arsenic generates a variety of genotoxic and cytotoxic species, damaging DNA directly and indirectly, through the generation of reactive oxidative species and induction of DNA adducts, strand breaks and cross links, and inhibition of the DNA repair process itself.
What is arsenic mass number?
74.9216 u
Arsenic/Atomic mass
Why is arsenic poisonous to humans?
Arsenic exerts its toxicity by inactivating up to 200 enzymes, especially those involved in cellular energy pathways and DNA synthesis and repair. Acute arsenic poisoning is associated initially with nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and severe diarrhoea. Encephalopathy and peripheral neuropathy are reported.
How does arsenic affect cellular respiration?
Arsenic impairs cellular respiration by inhibiting various mitochondrial enzymes, and the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. Arsenic also distorts the conformation of protein structure by attacking the disulfide bonds and thiol groups and binding to vicinal cysteines [73].
What is inorganic arsenic?
Definition: Sometimes referred to in short as inorganic arsenic, inorganic arsenic compound contain arsenic (As) and at least one other element, but no carbon (C). Inorganic arsenic exists in four main chemical forms known as valency or oxidation states.
What elements does arsenic react with?
Arsenic reacts under controlled conditions with the halogens fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine to form arsenic(III) trihalides.
How does arsenic affect DNA?
