Common questions

Why does my fuel pump not turn on?

Why does my fuel pump not turn on?

Well getting to start by adding fuel to the throttle body is not going to turn on some special switch that will send a signal to the pump and injectors. I’m sure you probably just have a bad fuel pump that doesn’t have enough pressure or volume to start the truck, but at running speed can keep up.

What should the fuel pressure be on a Chevy Cheyenne?

93 Chevy Cheyenne k3500, if it is running the Chevy vortec engine the fuel pump pressure is way too low, should be 56 psi+ depending on CSFI/CPI system or it will not start or open injectors, with out the aid of starting fluid. The factory manual specifies that the fuel pressure for the CSFI system should be between 56-62 PSI.

Is there a way to turn on the fuel pump?

There’s no way you have no signal, but then starting the truck by adding fuel will then turn on the injectors and pump. That’s just crazy. Good luck with that one. Once the truck starts and is running you can remove the jumper to the fuel pump and it will continue to run.

Is there no fuel from injectors to start truck?

No fuel from injectors to start truck. When I try and start my 93 Chevy Cheyenne k3500 no fuel come out of the injectors. If I use starting fluid the truck starts and the injectors work great. Has died a couple times while driving, but mostly runs fine and then won’t start one turned off.

Well getting to start by adding fuel to the throttle body is not going to turn on some special switch that will send a signal to the pump and injectors. I’m sure you probably just have a bad fuel pump that doesn’t have enough pressure or volume to start the truck, but at running speed can keep up.

93 Chevy Cheyenne k3500, if it is running the Chevy vortec engine the fuel pump pressure is way too low, should be 56 psi+ depending on CSFI/CPI system or it will not start or open injectors, with out the aid of starting fluid. The factory manual specifies that the fuel pressure for the CSFI system should be between 56-62 PSI.

There’s no way you have no signal, but then starting the truck by adding fuel will then turn on the injectors and pump. That’s just crazy. Good luck with that one. Once the truck starts and is running you can remove the jumper to the fuel pump and it will continue to run.

No fuel from injectors to start truck. When I try and start my 93 Chevy Cheyenne k3500 no fuel come out of the injectors. If I use starting fluid the truck starts and the injectors work great. Has died a couple times while driving, but mostly runs fine and then won’t start one turned off.

What should fuel pressure be when no Buzz?

Fuel pressure is typically in the 35 to 45 psi range. If your Anti-Theft light is flashing; the anti-theft system is disabling the fuel pump to prevent the engine from starting. Bad fuel pump (Pump should run for a few seconds when ignition key is turned to start, no buzz means no fuel delivery to the engine).

Where to check for no start fuel pump?

The first thing you want to do is check the fuse panel to see if the fuse is blown. If your car has two fuse panels than the one in the engine compartment; should be the correct one to check. The fuse panel or circuit box is usually located near the battery; and is a small black box with a removable lid.

Why does my car have no fuel pressure?

Many people recognize this sound every time they start the car but don’t realize it is the fuel pump running. If you “DO NOT” hear the buzz of the fuel pump; then your engine has no fuel pressure, and we need to see why. The first thing you want to do is check the fuse panel to see if the fuse is blown.

Why does my Chevy fuel pump keep failing?

The Chevrolet service bulletin states that the cause of the repeat failures is due to worn or damaged electrical connectors at the fuel pump assembly. When you get the Delco replacement parts it comes with a new connector on the fuel pump side.

Where is the connector on a Chevy fuel pump?

When you get the Delco replacement parts it comes with a new connector on the fuel pump side. The problem is the connector on the vehicle side of the harness. In the online Chevrolet repair manual I use, a Tech Tip states, the connector should be replaced with the fuel pump assembly.

What’s the life of a Chevy fuel pump?

It’s happened to me more then once and I’ve read about it on auto repair forums. The original Chevy pump motor has a life expectancy of about 15-20 years. Running the vehicle out of fuel, which will actually run the pump in a dry state can shorten the expected life span.

Why does my 1994 Chevy S-10 not start?

1994 Chevrolet S-10 4.3 tbi. I never get the signal to turn on the fuel pump or fire the injectors but if i poor gas in the intake once the truck starts it runs fine. Any ideas ? I have replaced the fuel pump relay oil pressure switch and computer.

What happens when the fuel pump goes out on a Chevy S10?

There are physical signs that you can feel when your S10’s fuel pump is going out. Before taking anything apart, check to see if your engine’s computer has any trouble codes saved in it. The engine may throw a P0087 trouble code. This trouble code detects that the fuel rail/system pressure is too low.

1994 Chevrolet S-10 4.3 tbi. I never get the signal to turn on the fuel pump or fire the injectors but if i poor gas in the intake once the truck starts it runs fine. Any ideas ? I have replaced the fuel pump relay oil pressure switch and computer.

Why does my Chevy Blazer have no power?

Probably no power. Turn the key to the on position, you should be able to hear the fuel pump prime up, run. Usually it is a bad ground wire, or fuel pump relay. 12 people found this helpful.

Why does my Chevy S-10 not start up?

Once the truck starts and is running you can remove the jumper to the fuel pump and it will continue to run. The only thing i can think of is that you are not getting the priming signal to the fuel pump, that the ECM if faulty. It turns over fine.

What to do if your Chevy Blazer turns over?

If there is spark, then next would be to do a fuel bleed down test by hooking a fuel pressure gauge up to the Schrader Valve, turning the key to the on position letting it build up fuel pressure on the gauge, (should be 56 to 63 lbs) then turning the key to the off position and watch the fuel pressure gauge.

Why does my 1999 Chevy Blazer not start?

I have a,1999 blazer I put a new battery in. And now it the three or four times to start after I get it started in don’t have a problem starting it all day New fuel pump, pressure is good. New programed ecm, new delco spider. , still injectors are not emitting fuel. Starter fluid will fire the engine but won’t stay running.

If there is spark, then next would be to do a fuel bleed down test by hooking a fuel pressure gauge up to the Schrader Valve, turning the key to the on position letting it build up fuel pressure on the gauge, (should be 56 to 63 lbs) then turning the key to the off position and watch the fuel pressure gauge.

What causes a car to have a no start condition?

Fuel pressure should not drop more than 5 lbs. in 3 minutes. If it does then the spider injection assembly is leaking, which will cause hard or a no start condition. 35 people found this helpful. No fuel from fuel pump to the carborator, I pour gas into the carborator and it runs. What may be causing that the fuel pump is new??

Can a 93 K5 Blazer 5.7 start when cold?

My 93 k5 blazer 5.7 will start and run fine when the engine is cold. After it warms up it dies. Try to start it again and it sounds like it tries to start then the starter will bog and sometimes it turns over fine but just won’t start until it cools down.

How to test fuel pressure on a Chevy S10?

Here is how to perform a pressure test at the fuel rail. This test can be done to diagnose a number of things. Bad fuel pump, injectors, fuel lines, etc. I did this test on my 2.2 Chevy S10, but this will be the same with any vehicle with a valve already installed from the factory. https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00…

Why does my Chevy Silverado turn over but not fire?

145 people found this helpful. Have a 99 Chevrolet 4×4 Silverado with 5.0 it was hot wired by previous owner. It did crank but replaced the steering wheel column with new wires and now it will turn over but won’t start. The fuel pump is connected directly to the battery.

What kind of truck won’t start or fire?

I have a 1997 Chevy Z71 just put new trans in drove for about 20 miles and the truck just died………Replaced fuel pump, Fuel relay and found that the fuel fuzz blows every time I turn key on ???? 24 people found this helpful. 22 people found this helpful.

Why is my Chevy fuel pump not working?

The thick black wire is the ground. If the fuel pump has been replaced before, It could have had the connector replaced with the new style ( old style is square and the new style is more rectangle/flat) and where they splice the new connector in could have gone bad.

Is there no power to the fuel pump?

No power to the fuel pump and the fuel relay is not getti… Q: No power to the fuel pump and the fuel relay is not getting power. My car has 190000 miles.

Once the truck starts and is running you can remove the jumper to the fuel pump and it will continue to run. The only thing i can think of is that you are not getting the priming signal to the fuel pump, that the ECM if faulty. It turns over fine.

I have a 1997 Chevy Z71 just put new trans in drove for about 20 miles and the truck just died………Replaced fuel pump, Fuel relay and found that the fuel fuzz blows every time I turn key on ???? 24 people found this helpful. 22 people found this helpful.

Why does my Chevy Spark Plug not start?

Chevrolets have a common issue with fuel filters getting clogged. You always want to replace the fuel filter when replacing the fuel pump. This could cause the concern you are having. It may seem as you are getting enough fuel from the pressure regulator but if the pressure from the fuel tank is not correct, it will still not start.

Why does my fuel pump not start when I change it?

You always want to replace the fuel filter when replacing the fuel pump. This could cause the concern you are having. It may seem as you are getting enough fuel from the pressure regulator but if the pressure from the fuel tank is not correct, it will still not start. Another problem you could be having is spark.

Chevrolets have a common issue with fuel filters getting clogged. You always want to replace the fuel filter when replacing the fuel pump. This could cause the concern you are having. It may seem as you are getting enough fuel from the pressure regulator but if the pressure from the fuel tank is not correct, it will still not start.

What’s the fuel pressure on a 1996 Chevy c1500?

I stuck a fuel pressure gauge on the fuel rail port and was reading about 50 psi. Unfortunately, as high as that sounds, the injectors won’t even open until you are at about 60 psi.

Why does my car engine not want to start?

If the engine still doesn’t seem like it wants to start, probably fuel is getting into the cylinders and your problems lies somewhere else. However, if the engine runs momentarily and dies, then the problem is that fuel is not getting to the cylinders. Check for a clogged fuel filter, or a bad fuel pressure regulator.

What to do if your lawn mower is not getting gas?

Use a high-quality fuel stabilizer for small engines such as Briggs & Stratton 100119 Fuel Treatment. This will solution will prevent fuel degradation by reducing oxidation. Your fuel will stay clean and fresh for longer. 2. Replace the fuel filter

What to do if your gas won’t start?

Fill the gas tank with new gas. Find a small drain bolt located on the very bottom middle of the carburetor. Place a small container that gas won’t melt under it and remove it with the wrench kit. Let the old gas drain out of the bottom until the new gas starts to flow out. Screw the drain bolt back into the bottom of the carburetor.

What should I do if my fuel pump is not working?

Fuel pump breakers usually have a button on top that pops up when it trips. Simply push this button back in until it clicks. Check the owner’s manual for the exact location. Fuel Pump Testing – If the fuse is good and the circuit breaker is not tripped; then the engine is not getting fuel pressure.

What to do if you cant smell fuel in your car?

If you can’t smell fuel in the combustion cylinder or see or smell fuel on the bottom of the spark plug, the fuel passageways are likely obstructed. If the carburetor is clogged, the use of spray carburetor cleaner and pressurized air may clear the obstruction.

If so, the problem is either a short in the relay control circuit, or a bad ECU. If the relay’s power circuit is not energized, then you’re just going to have to start following the wire back from the pump to the relay, checking every so often to find out where power is shorting into the circuit. 17 people found this helpful.

Why does my Dodge Ram 1500 fuel pump keep running?

There is no reason to have these kind of issues with a vehicle . I AM NOT SURE IF THE DEALER SHOULD HAVE REPLACED TIPM. HOPEFULLY THE EXTERNAL FUEL PUMP RELAY SOLUTION WILL SOLVE THE PROBLEM.

Why is the fuel pump still running in my Dodge Daytona?

We changed it n battery was still being drained. It all boiled down to the fuel pump relay. After turn vehicle “off”, keys removed from ignition, we could hear the fuel pump still running. WE removed the fuse, and it’s still running.

When is the fuel pump relay turned on?

The fuel pump relay is an important component of the fuel system of your vehicle. The fuel pump relay gives the fuel pump power when it is time to build up fuel pressure in the rail. Whenever you turn on the ignition of your vehicle, the fuel pump relay is turned on. There are different reasons due to which the fuel pump relay fails.

We changed it n battery was still being drained. It all boiled down to the fuel pump relay. After turn vehicle “off”, keys removed from ignition, we could hear the fuel pump still running. WE removed the fuse, and it’s still running.

There is no reason to have these kind of issues with a vehicle . I AM NOT SURE IF THE DEALER SHOULD HAVE REPLACED TIPM. HOPEFULLY THE EXTERNAL FUEL PUMP RELAY SOLUTION WILL SOLVE THE PROBLEM.

Why is my fuel pump still running after I Turn Off the car?

After turn vehicle “off”, keys removed from ignition, we could hear the fuel pump still running. WE removed the fuse, and it’s still running. Can you please explain to me, (A middle-aged female with NO vehicle verbage/repair knowledge) what problem my van has and a solution for it, please.

How long does it take for fuel pump to drain?

It takes about 1-2 hrs to completely drain. You can hear something running and can feel vibrations only on the fuel tank… I checked the fuel pump for a relay and could not find a relay (only a fuse). Pulled the fuse and nothing changed.

Such could be due to a big vacuum leak, an air induction fault like a stuck idle air control valve or, considering fuel, could be due to a failed temperature sensor that must be working properly to signal the PCM to enrich the mixture on cold start. Other common faults are defective spark plugs or a defective coil.

What happens if your spark plugs are not working?

If your spark plugs are not working properly or even dead, that will have a detrimental effect of your vehicle’s ability to start. Without that initial spark from the spark plugs in your vehicle’s engine the engine can’t receive the fuel or the compression to jumpstart the engine.

Why does my car not start when there is no fuel?

Aptly named, the fuel pump pumps fuel into the engine for the vehicle to start. If the fuel pump is melted, corroded, or just weak it may have difficulty bringing the fuel to the vehicle’s engine in a timely manner. And as we have learned throughout this journey, where there is no fuel there is no starting car.

What to do if your car won’t start?

Of course, confirm that the engine immobilizer system (security system) is not activated thus preventing the car from starting. Be sure there is adequate fuel in the fuel tank and that the fuel is not old. Check for adequate fuel pressure, injector operation, and a spark at the spark plugs.

Such could be due to a big vacuum leak, an air induction fault like a stuck idle air control valve or, considering fuel, could be due to a failed temperature sensor that must be working properly to signal the PCM to enrich the mixture on cold start. Other common faults are defective spark plugs or a defective coil.

If your spark plugs are not working properly or even dead, that will have a detrimental effect of your vehicle’s ability to start. Without that initial spark from the spark plugs in your vehicle’s engine the engine can’t receive the fuel or the compression to jumpstart the engine.

Why does my car run but wont start?

Changing used spark plugs. A quick method to check if there’s an issue with the fuel supply is to spray starter fluid into the air intake hose. If the car then starts, runs for a few seconds, then dies, the system is not getting a proper amount of fuel. This means there could be a problem with the fuel pump, fuel filter, or fuel injectors.

Why does my Nissan Altima not start up?

Check for adequate fuel pressure, injector operation, and a spark at the spark plugs. Basically, if the starter motor is turning the engine over rapidly, at sufficient RPM, but the engine does not catch and run, that means that there is an ignition, fuel, air induction, or mechanical fault in the engine that will have to be repaired.

You don’t hear the fuel pump making a buzzing sound as you turn the key to the On position or crank the engine. You don’t see the fuel injectors spraying gasoline. Although the above list is a not a very complete list of symptoms, the theme that runs thru’ them, and any other related symptom, is that the engine will crank and crank, but not start.

How can I check the pressure of my fuel pump?

There are two ways to tap into the fuel line to see how much pressure the fuel pump in producing. One method involves removing the fuel filter and using an adapter, that has a Schrader valve on it, in its place. You then connect your fuel pressure test gauge to this adapter.

Where is the fuel pump on a GM Truck?

As you’re already aware, the throttle body fuel injection system on your 1987 to 1995 4.3L, 5.0L, or 5.7L pickup (or SUV) uses a low pressure (12 PSI) electric fuel pump located in the gas tank. And although GM did not include a Schrader valve to which you could connect a fuel pressure gauge, it can be tested with one to find out if the fuel …

Can a bad fuel pump start a GM Spider?

If you need to test the ‘spider’ equipped GM pickups or SUVs, the following tutorial will help: Troubleshooting The Fuel Pump (GM 4.3L, 5.0L, 5.7L). A bad fuel pump will make your 4.3L, 5.0L, or 5.7L throttle body fuel injected pickup or SUV crank but not start. Here are some more specific symptoms:

What happens if you have a bad fuel pump?

A bad fuel pump will make your 4.3L, 5.0L, or 5.7L throttle body fuel injected pickup or SUV crank but not start. Here are some more specific symptoms: The ignition system is creating and delivering spark to the spark plugs.

There are two ways to tap into the fuel line to see how much pressure the fuel pump in producing. One method involves removing the fuel filter and using an adapter, that has a Schrader valve on it, in its place. You then connect your fuel pressure test gauge to this adapter.

As you’re already aware, the throttle body fuel injection system on your 1987 to 1995 4.3L, 5.0L, or 5.7L pickup (or SUV) uses a low pressure (12 PSI) electric fuel pump located in the gas tank. And although GM did not include a Schrader valve to which you could connect a fuel pressure gauge, it can be tested with one to find out if the fuel

If you need to test the ‘spider’ equipped GM pickups or SUVs, the following tutorial will help: Troubleshooting The Fuel Pump (GM 4.3L, 5.0L, 5.7L). A bad fuel pump will make your 4.3L, 5.0L, or 5.7L throttle body fuel injected pickup or SUV crank but not start. Here are some more specific symptoms:

What happens when a fuel pump relay goes bad?

If the fuel pump relay has an issue while the vehicle is operating it will cut off power to the fuel pump, which will cause the engine to stall. A faulty relay may allow the vehicle to be restarted a short while later, while a completely failed relay will not.

What happens when the fuel pump goes out on a Chevy Silverado?

There are physical signs that you can feel when your Silverado’s fuel pump is going out. Before taking anything apart, check to see if your engine’s computer has any trouble codes saved in it. The engine may throw a P0087 trouble code. This trouble code detects that the fuel rail/system pressure is too low.

Why does my GMC Sierra suddenly stop running?

Truck suddenly stops running, acting like it’s out of fuel. There is fuel in the gas tank and, I can hear the fuel pump when I turn the ignition on. Is there a fuse, or relay that is maybe causing this to happen?

Why is my fuel pump not turning on?

Thanx. Try swapping the fuel pump relay with another one, that will truly rule out it being the relay. fuel pump gets ignition, nothing to do with ecm as far as power is considered, sounds like a fault contact on the relay, possibly fuse box, check grounds aand for corrosion

What to do if your fuel pump relay stops working?

Connect one lead to one of the power circuit pins, and connect the other lead to the other power terminal. If you hear a beeping sound, your fuel pump relay’s power pins have shorted. Replace the relay. You can test the fuel pump relay, along with many other parts in your car, with the cheap and handy multimeter. (Photo Source: carcody)

Why does my Chevy Silverado run out of fuel?

Another common reason that your Silverado may be starving for fuel is a bad fuel pump. The fuel pump is responsible for sending highly pressurized fuel to the fuel rails. The engine can die if the fuel pressure is not high enough to properly atomize the gasoline properly.

Is there a problem with my 1994 Chevy 1500?

Occasionally, the 1994 Chevrolet 1500 might develop problems with its fuel relay system. Some simple diagnosis techniques can often resolve the problem. While troubleshooting, wear protective gear and keep a class B fire extinguisher nearby.

Can a faulty fuel pump cause poor mileage?

Poor Mileage. A faulty fuel pressure regulator can also be to blame for a sudden decrease in fuel mileage. Alternatives. These symptoms can also occur with a plugged fuel filter, failing fuel pump, or faulty PCM. In the event you have these symptoms, it is best to have the entire fuel system inspected by a qualified Ford fuel system technician.

What does it mean when your fuel pump is stalling?

A rising temperature paired with stalling often indicates a problem with the fuel pump motor. If stalling continues to occur with an increasing temperature gauge, it could indicate the fuel pump’s deterioration and need for replacement.

Can a poor fuel pressure regulator cause a Ford to stall?

A poor fuel pressure regulator can also cause your Ford to stall while idling or driving. While it will most likely occur while idling, it is not unheard of for the car to stall while you are driving down the road.

When does a fuel pump leak in a classic car?

When the internal diaphragm leaks, fuel escapes through the weep hole to notify the vehicle owner of a malfunction. This is one of the more common fuel pump problems found in classic cars that are between 30 and 60 years old.

What can I do if my fuel pump is not producing enough pressure?

If you suspect that your fuel pump is not producing enough pressure, there are two tests you can perform. The first is a simple pressure output test. Many inexpensive old-school vacuum testers can read mechanical fuel pump pressure just as well as vacuum pressure .

How can I tell if my fuel pump is still working?

To perform this test, you should connect the test gauge to the metal output line using a spare piece of rubber fuel hose and a clamp. Once the connection is sealed, crank the engine over for 20 seconds. This will provide a full pressure reading, letting you know whether or not the pump is still in working order.

Who is the best mechanic to fix a fuel pump?

Mark Gittelman is an ASE-certified master technician with over three decades of experience in the auto repair field. The standard mechanical fuel pump found in classic cars is very reliable.

What should the pressure be on an electric fuel pump?

Electric fuel pumps on electronically controlled fuel injection systems need to produce enough “high” pressure to allow the injectors to produce a sufficient spray of atomized fuel into the intake path (or into the combustion chamber in a direct-injection system). Fuel pressure is typically in the 35 to 45 psi range.

Why does my fuel pump not prime with the key on?

Fuel pump doesn’t prime with key on. I’ve been trying to figure this out for a couple days now. My 01 Tiburon wouldn’t start the other day. It would crank, but wouldn’t fire. When I turn the key to the “on” position, the fuel pump doesn’t kick on.

Fuel pressure is typically in the 35 to 45 psi range. If your Anti-Theft light is flashing; the anti-theft system is disabling the fuel pump to prevent the engine from starting. Bad fuel pump (Pump should run for a few seconds when ignition key is turned to start, no buzz means no fuel delivery to the engine).

How to find out if your fuel pump is bad?

1 Relieve the fuel system pressure (check your repair manual for the best procedure for your model). Usually, you can… 2 Connect the fuel pressure gauge. 3 Start the engine and let it idle. 4 Read the system pressure and compare it to the specification in your repair manual. More

What should the pressure be on a fuel pump?

Compare your reading to the specification in your manual for key ON pressure). An injection fuel system usually produces between 15 and 40 psi (pounds per square inch) (100-280 kPa) or more, depending on the application.

What are common reasons my GMC Sonoma won’t start?

What are common reasons my GMC Sonoma won’t start? While there are a variety of reasons your GMC Sonoma won’t start, the most common 3 are a dead battery, an alternator problem, or failed starter. How is a no-start diagnosis fixed?

How to troubleshoot fuel pump in GM 4.3L?

Once the intake air duct is back on the throttle body, have your assistant, inside the vehicle, crank the engine. 1.) The engine will start momentarily and after a few seconds will die. 2.) The engine will only crank but not start at all. 3.) The engine will start and stay running. OK, let’s find out what your results mean:

How do you start a GM fuel pump?

Open the throttle plate, manually, and spray starting fluid down the bore. When you have sprayed a good squirt of starting fluid, quickly reconnect the air duct to the throttle body (you don’t have to tighten the fastener).

How to troubleshoot a no start GM 4.3L?

The following tutorial may be of help: How To Troubleshoot A No Start (GM 4.3L, 5.0L, 5.7L). CASE 3: The engine started and stayed running. This confirms that the fuel pump is starting to fail. The next step is to confirm the exact fuel pressure with a fuel pressure gauge to be absolutely sure.

Can a clogged fuel filter be fuel related?

Thank Andrew. If the fuel pump has been replaced and your issue is still fuel related you may have a clogged fuel filter or malfunctioning fuel injectors. If all of these parts are known to be functioning properly the issue is likely not fuel related.

What causes a fuel pump to die before filling up?

If you make a habit of running your tank all the way to empty before filling up; your fuel pump will most likely die before its designed lifespan. This is due to the fact that when you shut off the engine with a low fuel level; the fuel can drain from the priming chamber designed into the fuel delivery system.

Do you have to put gas in the throttle body?

My 97 s10 will run great but you have to put gas in the throttle body for it to start.It will turn over but needs the direct contact of gas. There is also this ticking noise that is only heard when you role the key over.

Do you need to replace fuel filter when replacing fuel pump?

The fuel level sensor is a separate component attached to the fuel pump. This part does not always come with the fuel pump and sometimes is not interchangeable with aftermarket fuel pumps. Chevrolets have a common issue with fuel filters getting clogged. You always want to replace the fuel filter when replacing the fuel pump.

Why is my fuel injection system plugged in?

The electric fuel pump installed for a fuel injection system will draw considerable more volume of fuel from your tank than your old system did. If there are any contaminants in the tank this many times will plug up or greatly restrict the flow of fuel to the system causing many issues. Step by Step Troubleshooting guide.

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Ruth Doyle